Eman2

//The difference between leukocytes and white blood cells is that// // white blood cells is general, and contain all types of white blood cells, which are lymphocytes, phagocytes, and leukocytes. While leukocytes are a specific type of white blood cells which participate in the second line of the immune system. //
 * 1. Describe the difference between leukocyte and white blood cells. **

//Proteins, in the study of immunology, are antigens that are in the pathogens. When phagocytic cells bond with pathogens, the vesicles inside them break down the antigens into small protein molecules, and then small protein molecules into amino acid.//
 * 2. The term proteins are frequently used in the study of immunology. Explain the term/concept proteins. **


 * 3. Explain why the Black Death virus, which has caused millions of deaths, was deadly using concepts of immunology. **

a) What does it mean - 20% fatality rate? //It means that the the portion of deaths within a specific population is 20%.//
 * 4. The recent bird flu virus, H7N9, has a 20% fatality rate if one is infected. **

b) How is this virus different from a common flu virus? //The bird flu virus, H7N9, is different from a common flu virus because if one is infected by the common flu, its fatality rate is not high. Also, because the human body has been infected with the common flu virus at least more than once, memory cells in the immune system know how to fight this virus. //

c) Are there ways to prepare our body immune system against such fatal, deadly virus? //Yes, there are ways to prepare our body immune system against this fatal virus. To prepare our immune system for this virus, the human body should be vaccinated against that certain disease. That way, when the body is infected with the disease, it would be a bit easier for the immune system to fight the virus.//

d) The bird flu virus wasn't infectious to humans before; explain why it suddenly turned viral and harmful to humans. //The bird flu has suddenly turned viral and harmful to humans because human beings have been misusing antibiotics which led to the immune system being unable to fight viruses and disease as it used to before. Now, if the bird flu infected the human body, the immune system wouldn't be able to fight this virus as easy as it could have if humans didn't misuse antibiotics.//

e) Right now, the flu is unable to infect a person through human to human transmission; if it can infect through human to human transmissions, what could have changed in the virus? //If the bird flu was able to infect a person through human to human transmission, the fatality rate would have increased because the virus would be able to spread quicker.//