Ahnaf2

**1. Describe the difference between leukocyte and white blood cells.** - Leukocytes is the more scientific way of saying white blood cells.


 * 2. The term proteins are frequently used in the study of immunology. Explain the term/concept proteins. **

- I believe that proteins in the immunology field of science means antigens from a bacteria. For example in macrophage class 2 MHC takes a peptide/antigen to the surface of the macrophage.

- The black death occurred in the Medieval Era. Vaccination and antibiotics were not discovered yet, therefore any flu or virus could be fatal. The virus in the Black death in particular was created by fleas and transferred through rats. The rats would go around spreading the virus through the main routes of that time that almost everybody used. Thus since there were no vaccines or antibiotics nothing could have been done to prevent the disease from spreading.
 * 3. Explain why the Black Death virus, which has caused millions of deaths, was deadly using concepts of immunology. **

a) what does it mean - 20% fatality rate? - Death rate - The ratio of the amount people that died to the population.
 * 4. The recent bird flu virus, H7N9, has a 20% fatality rate if one is infected. **

b) How is this virus different from a common flu virus? - Common flu virus is "common", meaning it has been here for hundreds of years. Therefore our ancestors had grown immune to regular flu's and most of us are Innately immune to it. On the other hand bird flu is new abundant form of flu therefore most us are not already immune to it. Thus bird flu is more effective than normal flu.

c) Are there ways to prepare our body immune system against such fatal, deadly virus? - Yes! At this point in time vaccines are available to most of us. Vaccines can create immunity to such viruses and most likely protect us for life.

d) The bird flu virus wasn't infectious to humans before; explain why it suddenly turned viral and harmful to humans. - Most probably it has become a super bug. Bird flu bacterium was very common and since it is always coming and going, our body is at a constant fight against them. After years of adaptation the virus probably grew stronger and became capable of breaking through the 3 lines of defense. In context; A boxer is not born strong and muscular at first he was weak and through constant work outs he became strong. Same with the bird flu virus.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.7333px;">e) Right now, the flu is unable to infect a person through human to human transmission; if it can infect through human to human transmissions, what could have changed in the virus? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.7333px;">- If the virus was able to transmit from human to human most probably the virus would get a lot stronger. It will become sort of a super bug. Once it enters one person it may adapt to fighting of the phagocytes. In other words every time the virus enters one person it will become modified depending on how strong the person's immune system is and possibly turn out to be a much stronger virus when it get's to the next person.